USS Seawolf under a new Captain, and on her 15th. Hashimoto later became a Shinto priest. After an hour at a deep dive to reload, she surfaced and did not spot Indianapolis. Steaming eastward, she surfaced 10 miles (16 km) off Waikiki on 6 December. After a number of unsuccessful operations, under the command of Hashimoto I-58 sank Indianapolis on 30 July with two Type 95 torpedoes while on a midnight patrol. [55], Afterward, he became a Shinto priest at a shrine in Kyoto. World War II: Yanagi Missions — Japan’s Underwater Convoys On Sunday, June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler attacked the Soviet Union and committed his forces to a war of attrition that could not be won. He was captain of the submarine I-58, which sank the American heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis in 1945 after its delivery of parts and enriched uranium for the first atomic weapon used in wartime, Little Boy, prior to the attack on Hiroshima. [18] Hashimoto witnessed the final ritual of Kazuo Sakamaki and Kyoji Inagaki, who would man the midget submarine, which cast off at 05:30. He lost his entire family in the Little Boy atomic bombing of Hiroshima days after the sinking of Indianapolis.[1]. While penned up in his dormitory during the trial, he was treated more like an honored guest than an enemy officer who had caused the deaths of so many American boys. Hashimoto oversaw much of the construction of I-58. Before commanding Tang, O'Kane served in the highly successful USS Wahoo as executive officer and approach officer under noted Commander Dudley "Mush" Morton. 736, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072082900 (jp), Naval appointment dated 2 February 1942, Publication (limited access) No. On 1 March, she was ordered to Iwo Jima to support the battle taking place there. USS Barb (SS-220), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the Barbus, a genus of ray-finned fish.She compiled one of the most outstanding records of any U.S. submarine in World War II.During her seven war patrols, Barb is officially credited with sinking 17 enemy vessels totaling 96,628 tons, including the Japanese aircraft carrier Un'yō. Hashimoto graduated from high school in 1927 and was accepted into the Naval Academy. He was later part of an effort to exonerate McVay, which was eventually successful. She was spotted by a US patrol plane whose radio reports summoned the destroyers USS Franks (DD-554), USS Haggard (DD-555) and USS Johnston (DD-557) to the scene. HIJMS Submarine I-176: Tabular Record of Movement, Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in May 1944, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_submarine_I-176&oldid=979203610, Japanese submarines lost during World War II, World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 2 × Kampon Mk.1B Model 8 diesels, 2 shafts; 8,000 bhp, 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged, This page was last edited on 19 September 2020, at 11:56. [3] The cruiser was badly damaged, suffering 11 killed and 12 wounded. This Tiny U.S. Navy Warship Sank the Most Submarines in History. 1994, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072147800 (jp), Ministry of Demobilization appointment dated 11 June 1946, Publication No. 91. In the Straits of Formosa in October, on that fifth patrol, the Tang wreaked havoc on the Japanese. [6] On 18 November, I-24 and her group sailed from Kure with a midget submarine attached to her afterdeck. This is often due to convoy battles at night when an attacking "wolfpack" fired torpedoes into the convoy and two (sometimes … The tonnage figures (and sometimes the number of ships sunk) is still being debated among historians. He died in 2000. 974, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072087700 (jp), Naval appointment dated 11 September 1945, Publication No. [48][Note 1] At the behest of Cady, Hashimoto took both a Japanese civil oath and a U.S. Navy oath and so he could be charged for perjury in both nations if he lied. He told them the visibility was good on the night of the attack and he had been able to easily spot the Indianapolis. He spoke the next day with Captain John P. Cady, McVay's chief defense counsel, for several hours, as both officers sought to determine his credibility and competence to take the stand in the trial. I-176 returned to Kure in Japan for an overhaul between the end of November 1943 and mid-March 1944. Commanded by Dudley “Mush” Morton, Wahoo was one of the most successful American submarines of World War II. In 1934, Hashimoto volunteered for the submarine service,[2] and in 1937, he served aboard destroyers and submarine chasers off the shores of the Republic of China. Notes: Gross with his seven patrols, made in two submarines, carried out the most patrols in the top 10 US Navy Submarine Captains. Commanded by Dudley “Mush” Morton, Wahoo was one of the most successful American submarines warfare Commander of World War II. Commander Matsumura Kanji, captain of I-21, was the most successful submarine commander to hunt the Australian coast. "[53] Columnist Robert Ruark accused the Navy of using Hashimoto to "hype up" the court martial. He completed his final assignment in June 1946, when he became a civilian merchant shipping captain, and opted to retire from the military. After searching unsuccessfully for flotsam or any sign of the ship,[36][37] he ordered the I-58 to retire at 02:30. However, apart from the German U-Boat commanders, the most successful submarine commander of World War II was an Italian officer, Lieutenant Commander Gianfranco Gazzana Priaroggia. 9. [34] Believing the ship to be an "Idaho-class" battleship, he ordered I-58 to dive and once Indianapolis closed to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) he ordered six regular torpedoes fired at 00:02 on 30 July. In his ten combat patrols, five in Wahoo and five commanding Tang, O'Kane participated … [53] Even after his departure his testimony remained controversial, and the Chicago Sun criticized his trip, which it estimated to have cost $1,820 (equivalent to $25,800 in 2019). [5] She was ordered to Guadalcanal, where she successfully carried out the first submarine resupply operation of the Japanese garrison on the island in December 1942. Passing through the Inland Sea around minefields, I-58 headed for the east coast of The Philippines intending to attack ships there. 155, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072159300 (jp), http://www.al.com/news/mobile/index.ssf/2016/07/uss_indianapolis_survivor_youv.html, Interrogation of Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mochitsura_Hashimoto&oldid=959136972, Japanese military personnel of World War II, Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 May 2020, at 09:31. [47] It was the first time that an officer of a nation at war with the United States had testified against an officer of the U.S. Navy in a court martial. The potential for a submarine campaign against the Japanese Empire was clear from early in the war. 338, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072075700 (jp), Naval appointment dated 1 June 1939, Publication (limited access) No. That record remains unbroken. In 1942 submarine commander Jeff Conway secretly photographs Japanese aircraft carriers in the Coral Sea but his submarine is damaged and he's forced to surrender. Leaving home for the first time, Hashimoto then attended the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima for four years, studying Japanese history, engineering, and naval tactics, as well as judo and other military athletics. I-176 was ordered in 1939 but construction did not begin until 1941 at the Kure Naval Arsenal in Hiroshima prefecture. [2] It was the last Japanese naval success of World War II. Every minute seemed an age. After returning to Sydney, Australia, to carry out repairs, Chester had to withdraw to Norfolk, Virginia, for repairs which kept her out of the war until September 1943. [41] After the war, it was confirmed Indianapolis was the only ship I-58 had sunk. However, his future would be with those who dwell beneath the surface and after submarine instruction in 1938, he was assigned the USS Argonaut. [7] Her commander, Yahachi Tanabe, was wounded by machine-gun fire from the bombers and had to relinquish command a few days later. [9] The I-176's log recorded that it had fired three torpedoes, claiming two hits which destroyed the target. She limped to Kure on 29 April 1945, the only Japanese submarine to withdraw from the operation. The submarine was ordered to Truk in November 1943 but her instructions were intercepted by US signals intelligence. [26] The strike had been unsuccessful. On 12 August he launched his remaining kaitens and claimed a merchant ship probably sunk. [26] She was ordered out again on 2 April sailing to support Japanese forces at the Battle of Okinawa. [4] He graduated and commissioned in 1931.[5]. [42] When Hashimoto came home from the war, he learned that his entire family had been killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on 7 August. [58][59][60], In December 1990, Hashimoto met with some of the survivors of the Indianapolis at Pearl Harbor, where he stated through a translator: "I came here to pray with you for your shipmates whose deaths I caused," to which survivor Giles McCoy simply responded: "I forgive you."[57]. Three days after Japan's formal surrender in Tokyo Bay, Hashimoto was promoted to his final rank of commander. On 9 December, I-24 steamed for Kure. 805, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072084200 (jp), Naval appointment dated 1 November 1942, Publication (limited access) No. 342, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072075900 (jp), Naval appointment dated 1 December 1939, Publication (limited access) No. Richard O’Kane was born in 1911 Dover, New Hampshire. [51] Charles Butler McVay III was exonerated in 2001. Commissioned on Sept. 25, 1943, USS Flasher earned three Presidential Unit Citations and six battle stars. 543, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072079100 (jp), Naval appointment dated 15 July 1941, Publication (limited access) No. Japanese submarines in the area, including the I-176, were ordered to travel north to carry out an attack but the I-176 was the only Japanese vessel to successfully engage one of the US vessels. [4], In 1938, he was assigned to the destroyer Okikaze on 15 December. The family did not have a naval background, but Hashimoto's father struggled financially on a priest's government subsidy and felt entering his son into the military would help to provide for them. Then another column of water arose from alongside the Number 2 turret and seemed to envelop the whole ship—"A hit, a hit!" On October 13, an American carrier group was sighted off the Solomon Islands. Hashimoto testified in the court on 13 December in a crowded courtroom. Four months after this picture was taken she was lost with all hands while attempting to exit the Sea of Japan after sinking four ships for a total of 13,000 tons. The American submarine fleet was largely the product the decision by the Navy General Board in 1911 to consider the development of a "fleet submarine", capable of sustained 21 knot speed and good seakeeping so that it could operate with the battle fleet. During his career, this Italian submarine ace sent more enemy shipping to the bottom than anyone from the Soviet, Japanese, British or American navies. [7], In May 1944, Lieutenant Commander Hashimoto was given command of submarine I-58[21] which was still under construction in Sasebo. In total, Morton sank 19 ships totaling 50,000 tons, making him the third most successful submarine commander in the U.S. Fleet. Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072072500 (jp), Naval appointment dated 1 December 1937, Publication supplement,Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072072500 (jp), Naval appointment dated 15 December 1938, supplement to publication (limited access) No. Awards. Her wartime total was 60,038 tons. [52], With the Nuremberg Trials underway and Japanese war crimes during the war coming to light, the announcement of Hashimoto's appearance in testimony against an American officer caused considerable controversy in the American news media. [45] Among the public responses, socialite Evalyn Walsh McLean sent an angry telegram to Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to complain, and U.S. Representative Robert L. Doughton publicly stated, "It is the most contemptible thing I ever heard of to summon a Jap officer to testify against one of our own officers. Hashimoto's submarine then returned to Japan, one of the few Japanese submarines to survive the war. All was dead quiet ... the favorable moment for firing was approaching. He was 93. Hashimoto died at the age of 91 on 25 October 2000,[61] five days before a resolution to posthumously exonerate Captain McVay was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. [44] Before Hashimoto could begin his new duties, however, he was summoned by the United States military to be a witness for the prosecution in the court-martial against Indianapolis commander Captain Charles B. McVay III, who was on trial on charges of negligence leading to the ship's sinking. [46] Hashimoto's 50 minutes of testimony focused on whether or not Indianapolis was "zigzagging" and he noted the ship did not deviate from its course. Regarding McVay's conviction, Hashimoto wrote: Our peoples have forgiven each other for that terrible war and its consequences. [18] For the remainder of 1942, Hashimoto operated his ship in home waters off Yokosuka training crews and trying new equipment and doing research for the development of Japanese submarine doctrine. On completion in 1942 the vessel was renamed from I-76 to I-176[1] and was sent initially to Truk in September 1942. [20] In 1943, he was given command of submarine I-158 for coastal defense, and later in the year was given command of submarine Ro-44 for the same duties. 273, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072074800 (jp), Naval appointment dated 20 May 1939, Publication (limited access) No. Following his appearance at the trial, Hashimoto remained in U.S. custody under guard until early 1946, when he was returned to Japan aboard USS Effingham. While there, she was attacked by aircraft 50 times. [23][24] He completed training on the submarine in December 1944. [42] On 9 December 1945 he was transported from Tokyo to Oakland, California aboard an aircraft of the Naval Air Transport Service. Highly publicized at the time, the improvised appendectomy carried out by one pharmacist's mate while his boat was running submerged is typical of the leadership abilities and training of wartime U.S. Navy submarine force personnel—even in non-combat situations. On 29 July, Lt. Cmdr. Directed by Paul Wendkos. Their fifth tour would cement Tang’s record as one of the most successful U.S. sub of WWII, and O’Kane’s standing as America’s greatest submarine commander but Dicken’s might have described it as the best of times and the worst of times. The career of the USS Wahoo in sinking Japanese ships in the farthest reaches of the Empire is legendary in submarine circles. Hashimoto ordered I-58 northward looking for additional ships to attack. USS Wahoo pictured in July 1943 off Mare Island Navy Yard. The submarine was later overhauled mid-construction to carry Kaiten manned torpedoes, which was considered a great honor by Hashimoto's crew. The ship traversed Shimonoseki Strait into the Inland Sea and to Kure for supplies. Rear Adm. Eugene B. Fluckey, one of America’s most daring submarine commanders of World War II and a recipient of the Medal of Honor, died Thursday in Annapolis, Md. I-176 was sunk in May 1944 in the western Pacific by the American destroyers Franks, Haggard and Johnston. However, he also noted that its position made such evasive maneuvers incapable of diminishing his ability to attack the ship. Morton's bravery immediately rubbed off on O'Kane and the rest of the crew and, for three patrols, Wahoo sent numerous Japanese ships to the bottom. [6] The sub was a part of a large group of submarines which would support the Attack on Pearl Harbor. At the time, she was one of only four large submarines left in the Japanese Navy, and her mission was to harass Allied lines of communications.[28][29][30]. I made my living practicing law before Navy courts and boards for 25 years, and this reaches an all-time low in courts, board or congressional investigation. [6] A second supply mission the following month failed. At the behest of his father, he applied for the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy. Four months after this picture was taken she was lost with all hands while attempting to exit the Sea of Japan after sinking four ships for a total of 13,000 tons. [31][32] She spotted a tanker escorted by a destroyer and Hashimoto ordered her to launch two kaitens at 14:31 and 14:43. 85 crew members died. Hashimoto was assured he would be treated as a naval officer instead of a prisoner of war or war criminal, but he remained under guard during his time in the United States and was not allowed to leave his hotel, as his appearance had been front-page news that day in the New York Times and in other newspapers. [2] She attacked USS Chester (CA-27) on October 20, 1942, at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}13°31′S 163°17′E / 13.517°S 163.283°E / -13.517; 163.283 some 120 miles (190 km) southeast of the island of Makira (then known as San Cristobal). In “United States Submarine Operations in World War II,” Theodore Roscoe credits USS Flasher (SS 249), with sinking the highest enemy tonnage (100,231) during the war. As commander of U-35, U-23and U-99he sank 47 merchant ships totalling 272,043 tons in a remarkably short period of time, being captured in March 1941 and spending the rest of the war in the Bowmanville POW camp, Canada. The Navy Cross. [13] I-176 was presumed lost on June 11, 1944, and was removed from the Japanese Navy List on July 10. The Japanese submarine I-176 (I-76, until 20 May 1942) was a "Kaidai" type of cruiser submarine active in World War II. Mochitsura Hashimoto was born in 1909 in Kyoto, Japan[2] the eighth of nine children and fifth son of a kannushi (Shinto priest). With Cliff Robertson, Gia Scala, Teru Shimada, Patricia Cutts. Only Slade Cutter and Richard O’Kane, who left the Wahoo after its fifth patrol to assume his own command, had better records. [8][9] During that time, his brother was killed in action fighting on the Chinese mainland. Hashimoto ordered the submarine to make for an area where he believed shipping lanes between Guam, Leyte, Peleliu and Okinawa intersected. He sank an oil tanker off the Canadian coast, shelled Australian shore facilities and in total sank about 40-45,000 tons of shipping in 2 patrols around Australia. [33] At 23:35 that evening, Hashimoto spotted the heavy cruiser Indianapolis at 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) cruising for his position at medium speed. The submarines were so successful that by early 1944, they struggled to … Recognizing his calling to serve at sea, he attended the US Naval Academy in Annapolis and graduated in 1934. [52], After his return to Japan, Hashimoto worked as a demobilization officer with the naval section of the Ministry of Demobilization, responsible for demobilizing veterans and dismantling what remained of the Japanese Navy. Haggard made a sonar contact at 4°1′S 156°29′E / 4.017°S 156.483°E / -4.017; 156.483. On October 13, an American carrier group was sighted off the Solomon Islands. During his time aboard Wahoo, Morton became known as the Navy's most aggressive and successful submarine commander. In 1937, Hashimoto married Nobuko Miki, the daughter of a successful Osaka businessman. [33][35] Spotting three explosions strike the Indianapolis, Hashimoto ordered the submarine on a deep dive fearing detection. During the first six months of the war, the Imperial Japanese Navy enjoyed spectacular success inflicting heavy defeats on Allied forces, being undefeated in every battle. Japanese submarines in the area, including the I-176, were ordered to travel north to carry out an attack but the I-176 was the only Japanese vessel to successfully engage one of the US vessels. Congress warmed to the idea of a weapon that might render expensive battleships obsolete, and on 30 June 1914 authorized construction of eight submarines, of which at least one was to … [14][15], On 15 July 1941, he was assigned to the submarine I-24, becoming its torpedo officer on 31 October, under Lieutenant Commander Hiroshi Hanabusa; the ship was based out of Kure. The Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II, at the beginning of the Pacific War in December 1941, was the third most powerful navy in the world, and the naval air service was one of the most potent air forces in the world. She then moved to Hirao where she loaded six kaitens. O'Kane is considered the most successful submarine officer in World War II and earned the Medal of Honor, three Navy Crosses, three Silver Stars … I-21(伊号第二一潜水艦,I-gō Dai Nijū-ichi sensui-kan?) She remained in port because of continued mining conducted by U.S. Army Air Forces, and departed on 16 July on another war patrol. On November 16, the probable attacker, USS Corvina, was itself sunk by I-176. Several American submarines in the Truk area were informed that a Japanese submarine was in the vicinity. . Hashimoto was called to testify on behalf of the prosecution at the court-martial of Charles B. McVay III, the commanding officer of Indianapolis, a move which was controversial at the time. He transmitted a short wave radio message to the 6th Fleet headquarters in Kure at about 03:00 noting the destruction of the ship. I-58 surfaced in Bungo Strait on 15 August, where Hashimoto learned of the Gyokuon-hōsō signaling the Japanese surrender and end of the war. Passing east of Okinawa and spotting no ships, she cruised south arriving at the Guam-Leyte shipping lane on 27 July. I took her to be an Idaho-class battleship. On 9 August she launched two kaitens against a convoy, and Hashimoto claimed a destroyer probably sunk. A series of top-secret Japanese submarine missions could have altered the course of World War II. Then on the starboard side of the enemy by the forward turret, and then the after turret there rose columns of water to be followed immediately by flashes of bright red flame. The most successful Dutch submarine to operate out of Fremantle was the Zwaardvisch (Swordfish). [56] He was later interviewed by author Dan Kurzman for his 1990 book Fatal Voyage, in which Kurzman stated, "Commander Hashimoto was amazed by the Americans. Built for the Royal Navy as the “T” Class HMS Talent, it was transferred to the RNN in 1943, and began operations in Australian waters from September 1944. The most successful submarine of her class, she severely damaged the heavy cruiser USS Chester in October 1942 and sank the submarine USS Corvina in November 1943, the only Japanese submarine to sink one of her American counterparts. USS Grayback, one of the most successful submarines of the war, was a Tambor-class submarine launched on January 31, 1941 and was under the command of Lieutenant Commander John Anderson Moore. 408, Japan Center for Asian Historical Records, reference code C13072077100 (jp), Naval appointment dated 20 March 1940, Publication (limited access) No. The following morning, the destroyers found evidence of the destruction of I-176 – fragments of sandalwood and cork and paper marked with Japanese words. A KD7 sub-class boat, I-176 was built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the early 1940s. [45] For the duration of his time in the United States, he spoke through translator Francis Earl Eastlake from the Office of Naval Intelligence. [8], After several months of repairs in Japan, I-176 returned to Lae, Sio and Finschhafen in New Guinea to carry out a number of successful supply runs between July and October 1943. He attended Kyoto Third High School, a prestigious school, where he performed well. For almost 73 years, the USS England has set a record for most subs sunk by a single ship. Hashimoto commanded coastal patrol and training submarines off Japan for much of the war, and in 1944 took command of I-58, a submarine which was equipped to carry kaiten manned torpedoes. [11][12][13] Upon completion of this training, he was assigned to the submarine I-123 on 20 March 1940 as torpedo officer, transferring to the I-155 on 15 October in the same role. The crew were all agog, awaiting the order to fire the torpedoes. [43] On 20 November, he was given command of the destroyer Yukikaze, among the few Imperial Navy ships to survive the war, and assigned to repatriation duties, returning troops to Japan from overseas. Flasher, like most submarines of its time, was named after a fish. [25], On 29 December, she left on her first war patrol, steaming for the Mariana Islands. Mochitsura Hashimoto (橋本以行, Hashimoto Mochitsura, 1909 – 25 October 2000) was a Japanese officer and a submarine commander in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. [11] On the morning of May 16, the destroyers began to comb the waters off Buka. Once there, I-58 was ordered to launch all of its kaitens without their pilots and immediately return home. He was captain of the submarine I-58, which sank the American heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis in 1945 after its delivery of parts and enriched uranium for the first atomic weapon used in wartime, Little Boy, prior to the attack on Hiroshima. 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